Brief Analysis Of Gender Differences

Brief Analysis Of Gender Differences The language is the way in which people express their thoughts or ideas and is a media for people to communicate with one anther, which has the profound function in the social life. Owing to the differences of their genders, social status, backgrounds, living habits and their values, the languages used by different individuals in the society vary from each other. Among them, the gender differences of languages exist in almost every language of different cultures, thus becoming the eternal topic of language research. Based on the famous American television sitcomFriends ,this paper tries to tries to anatomize the phenomena and causes of gender differences reflected in language by comparing the language features in Friends. Key words: gender differences, language In April 1944 New York University in the United States, the Language and Gender was put into a comprehensive discussion as the central issue by the 44th annual International Language Institute Committee. This fully shows that linguists in modern society regard the Gender differences reflected in language as one of the important indispensable element in sociolinguistic studies. With the development of social linguistics and driving of feminism, the research on gender differences in language has entered the golden age. Gender differences reflected in language shows the differences of peoples cultural traditions, thinking modes and values, researches on this issue have practical significances on the construction of a harmonious, successful language communication between men and women. Firstly, the gender differences of language reflect in the pronunciations. Social linguists think that women compared with the men of same ages are closer to the standard style and have more elegant accents so as to make them look like more educated, and enjoy higher social levels. For instance, the pronunciation of the vowel r is a kind of typical expression of gender differences in pronunciation. In American English, the pronunciation of the vowel r is the symbol of people who have higher education and higher social status, and is the tag of the upper class. Comparing the pronunciations of the heroes and heroines in Friends, we can found that Phoebe, Monica and Rachel tend to use rigorous, elegant and standard pronunciations. However, Chandler and Joey tend to omit or replace one or more syllables, especially the th sound. For words like Thank and Thing ,women tend to have a correct and standard fricative sound ¼Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¼Ã…’while men like Chandler and Joey tend t o have the blasting sound  ¼Ã‚ »t ¼Ã‚ ½. Furthermore, the gender differences of language reflect in the intonations. In language ¼Ã…’intonation refers to the variation of tone when people speak. As for the same words, phrases, and sentences, the differences of the intonations will finally cause the totally widely different expressions. Through the researches on th corpus, the social linguists have fund that women are more likely to use doubtful intonations to show their hesitations, requisitions, and uncertainties ¼Ã…’besides they may have changeable fluctuations. This is a kind of reflection their backwardness, sympathy and psychological characteristics which shows euphemism, kind and tender of women. On the contrary, men are more likely to use falling tone or flat tone to show their firmness and certainty. Besides, their intonations are stable and invariable which shows mens aggression, decisiveness and authority. For example, when people are been asked ,When is he coming back?orWhen does the store open ?.Women would likely give the answer like oh ¼Ã…’à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦around six oclock?with rising ton, while men may give an answer like thishalf past sixin the falling tone with affirmative meanings . Generally speaking, men and women usually stress the different words of the same sentences. For instance, the sentence I wish youd do it. When men are speaking, they highest tone must be put on the most important word do. Women, on the contrary, will reverse the stress. They will read the most important word do in the lowest tone. The reason why women do so is that they want to put out the hint: Although this is very important, yet they dont want to interpose the listener, and it is up to the listener to make a decision. This fully shows the gentle personality of women. In Friends, we can see many examples like this. In the television sitcom, the frequency of the heroines use doubtful intonations is far higher than men, which just suits their female temperament. Men and women also differ from one another in the choice and use of the vocabulary. In general ¼Ã…’The vocabulary of women are much richer and more changeful than men, appropriately showing their delicate feelings. For example, women often use words like super, fantastic, marvelous, splendid and empty these adjectives to express their great excitement and satisfaction, men will only use some simple words like good, well, etc on the contrary. Womens sensitive also urge them to have a closer observation of the colorful world than men do. Thus making them master a sight of color terms and pay attention to the use of these words. Take the color red for example, women may choose to use peach, blossom, pink, plum, crimson, and salmon pink. Men may seldom use or even know about these words only if they often make paintings, decorations, or to do other things which are closely connected with color terms. In the daily life, in order to express their feelings, women often use some adverbs like so, very, quite, much to emphasize the things so as to strengthen the tone. However, words like so, very, quite, much is lengthy and jumbled for men because that their existences will have nothing to with the meanings of the whole sentences. Besides, words like adorable, charming, divine, sweet, lovely, etc are said to be the typical characteristics of women. In friends, the heroines often use vocabulary stressing on the dress on dressing, clothing, chores, children and friendship these little things, while men prefer to use vocabulary involving the sports, politics, economy, culture and also education, etc. As for the use of adorable, charming, divine, sweet, lovely, etc these words, the frequency for women to use these vague words is almost three times as much as mens. Certainly, the difference of language use between men and women also reflects in many places, for example, in syntactic structures. In order to shoe the fully respect to others, women talk in a polite way. They prefer to use isnt it, arent we or dont you in a sentence to offer suggestions, while men would like to use statements to directly express their opinions, commands or requirements, etc. In brief, there are many factors that cause gender differences in language such as personality, culture backgrounds, social experiences and so on, which summarized as the following three aspects. Generally speaking, the physiological factor comes first. According to the modern science research, scientists have found some credible evidence that can explain the difference between men and women in the physiological aspect which finally determines the gender differences in language. The research report shows that men and women tend to use different parts of their brains to learn the language which naturally causes the different use of language. Mens and womens different vocal organs also lead to a significant gender differences in language. Men have a big throat, long vocal cords and the vibration for men is slow, therefore the voice of male is apparently low and vigorous. On the contrary, women have a much higher intonation and tone than men do. What comes secondly is the cultural and psychological factor. Almost in every country of different cultures, people have different criteria for the mens and womens behaviors. Women are asked to speak like a lady, to be more specific, to have accurate pronunciation and gentle voice, while the vulgar language of men is often accepted by all. Finally, men and women develop into totally different dictions. Lastly, the social factor is also the key that cause the gender difference in the use of language. In peoples eyes, women are subordinated to the men and enjoy a quite low social position in society. To this point, men and women play different gender roles in their daily life which finally leads to the lack of confidence of women. Obviously, the reason why womens language style is different from mens is closely related to the traditional social values. Gender differences have been in language use for a long time. And many researches have shown that language, gender, and society are closely connected with each other. Thus, in a nutshell, the development of the research on the gender differences in language will finally disclose the more detailed difference between men and women speakers and truly it is of great value in cross-gender communication.

Major Crime

†¢What is the purpose of major crime-reporting programs? What makes a successful crime-reporting program in the United States? The purpose for major crime-reporting programs is to try to improve the methology and to publish the collective data. So by having major crime-reporting programs the law enforcement agencies are able to get information and also collect data to figure out the crime patterns of the nation instead of just one spot. This is hard though because not all of the crimes that end up happening get reported. So by this being said not everything can go into the crime-reporting programs.I think the government needs to try to find another way to get these â€Å"smaller† none reported crimes to be reported. What makes a successful crime reporting program in the United States is that most of the crimes do get reported the way that they should, and that the police officers are doing their job to the best of their abilities. I think it could be stepped up a notch an d maybe put camaras in the cruisers so the crimes that do not get reported at least have a sign to get reported. †¢How do crime rates relate to arrest rates and clearance rates?Is there a way to improve the correlation between crime rates, arrest rates, and clearance rates in the effort to combat criminal activity? Crime rates are when the number is divided by the total number of crimes that are what they called â€Å"cleared. † This is when the crime is closed, finished or they found the criminal in whatever was going on with the crime. To combat criminal activity the police can gather the information from the UCR (uniform crime report). From what I was reading â€Å" clearance rates is the percentage of crimes that have been closed by arrest, exceptional means, etc. So in my opinion to help improve the correlation between crime rates, arrest rates and clearance rates, is to get all the facts straight. Do not jump from one to the other. Gather all the information that you can, and see what is going on, get cases closed or any old cases if they were closed because in significant evidence see if there is anything that you can do to change the out come and re-open the close case to get it closed the right way and find out what really happened. http://en. allexperts. com/q/Criminal-Law-916/2010/10/crime-rates. htm

History of Japanese Painting Odano Naotake Essay

Odano Naotake (1759 – 1780) was a painter from the Akita Ranga art school. This art school was a by-product of the ‘rangaku’, the ‘Dutch learning’. Rangaku was an important movement in eighteenth-century Japan. It is the study of Holland and the Dutch during the time that the Dutch trade post on Desjima the only connection was with the outside world and the west. Through this contact, Japan stayed informed about Western developments, such as health care and other technologies. This made Japan capable of fast modernization after the opening of the country in 1854. The Rangaku painters painted traditional Japanese themes with the use of Western techniques. The difference from the traditional paintings was the use of shadows, perspective and reflections. The painters also started using the color blue for the sky and sea. Naotake was also influenced by this new intellectual movement through Hiraga Gennai, a natural scientist and student of the Rangaky. He inspired Naotake to study these new Western painting methods as well. He moved to Edo (Tokyo) to continue his studies there. Through contacts with other painters, Naotake mastered the painting of ‘bird and flower’, which is a traditional Jananese style painting with the use of Western perspective and depth. These methods brought these paintings to a higher level, more than just decorations. Naotake also illustrated Japan’s first anatomy book, the Kaitai shinsho. This book was a Japanese translation of the Dutch book â€Å"Ontleedkundige Tafelen†, which was imported from Holland. Together with Gennai and Lord Satake Shozan (1748-85), Naotake started the Akita Ranga school of Art. When Gennai was arrested for killing a student and died shortly afterwards, Naotake was send away from his post in Edo. These developments made the school fall apart. ? Works Cited Johnson, H. Western Influence of Japanese Art: The Akita Ranga Art School. Amsterdam: Hotei Publishing, 2005.

Social Responsibility And Corporate Responsibility

Social responsibility should be important to businesses because it shows consumers and the media that the company takes a serious interest in doing what is right. These issues may be spread locally, nationally, or globally and could impact the health and wellness of customers and employees. Implementing a good social responsibility policy can impact buying decisions for consumers wanting to make purchases from an ethical company. Building a trustworthy reputation takes time, and effort, and is a valuable attribute for a business to have. Being ethical as a company is important for both, consumers and the media. It’s also important for employees to feel that they are working toward the good of the people. Belonging to a company that†¦show more content†¦It assists local and global non-profit organizations who’s goals are to protect wildlife, ecosystems, and make a positive impact on communities. Since its introduction, the fund has helped to support over $20 million in projects in over 112 countries. Just like the environment, all of Disney’s employees are an important part of their daily operations. Disney strives to make their guests and employees happy while making the company a desirable place to work. One of the ways Disney keeps its millions of visitors happy is by taking care of their their employees. Offering employees a good benefits package makes them feel they are an important part of the corporation.. The following is a small list of employee benefits: discounts for on site dining, shopping and hotels, local business discounts, free park admission, on-site childcare, health benefits, retirement plans, annual pay increases, stock purchase program, and education reimbursements. Employees that are content make a positive work environment which makes happy customers. 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